Biodynamic viticulture is gaining more and more attention in the wine world, positioning itself as a unique and environmentally friendly alternative. As the general public becomes more interested in sustainable production techniques, biodynamic wines offer a unique experience, combining tradition, respect for natural cycles, and an authentic expression of the terroir . But what does this method really entail, and why is it attracting so many producers and enthusiasts across France and beyond?
In this article, we explore the fundamental principles of biodynamic viticulture, its origins, its specific practices, as well as its environmental, economic and social impact.
1) What is biodynamic viticulture?
Biodynamic viticulture is a holistic agricultural approach based on the principles of biodynamic agriculture, introduced in 1924 by Rudolf Steiner, an Austrian philosopher and scientist. This method goes beyond organic farming by incorporating practices that can sometimes be perceived as at first glance as esoteric. (for example, with regard to “specific preparations”, the basis of biodynamics. These preparations are composed of natural “ingredients” (dung, horn, plants, bark, etc.) prepared according to specific processes over several months. Processes which call upon a particular reading of natural elements and their role, and which attempt to concentrate both matter (biodiversity) and energy (natural forces)).
The main principles of biodynamics include:
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Respect for natural cycles : Agriculture follows the phases of the Moon and the planets to determine the best times to plant, treat or harvest.
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Biodynamic preparations : The use of substances such as "horn dung" (composted in cow horns buried in winter) or silica helps improve the vitality of soils and vines.
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A global and vibrant vision of the vineyards : The estates are perceived as autonomous organisms, where each element – ​​from the soil to the animals – plays an essential role in the overall balance.
This method combines sustainable agriculture and a philosophy that aims to preserve the soil and produce wines that fully express their terroir.
2) History of biodynamic viticulture in France
Although its origins date back to the teachings of Rudolf Steiner in 1920s Germany, biodynamics began to gain traction in France in the 1980s. It was thanks to visionary winemakers, such as Nicolas Joly, owner of the famous Coulée de Serrant in the Loire Valley, that this nature-friendly approach gained visibility. Prestigious estates, such as Romanée-Conti in Burgundy, also helped popularize this method by making its results tangible through high-quality wines.
Today, biodynamic farming has taken root in many French wine regions, including Alsace, Burgundy, the RhĂ´ne Valley, and Savoie, where iconic estates are adopting these practices to enhance their terroirs. These winemakers aren't simply following a trend; they're seeking to create a balance between the vines, the soil, and the surrounding ecosystem, while producing authentic and expressive wines.
In 2020, around 10,700 hectares of vineyards were cultivated biodynamically in France , representing 1.4% of the national wine-growing area, according to the Demeter association, the main biodynamic certification body. Although this proportion remains modest, it is constantly increasing. This reflects a growing interest on the part of wine professionals, but also consumers, who are increasingly sensitive to environmental issues and the search for products produced using sustainable practices. Biodynamics, although still marginal, is gradually establishing itself as a serious alternative, supported by the qualitative results and respect for biodiversity that it encourages.
3) A detailed overview of biodynamic practices
Special preparations
Biodynamic preparations, central to this practice, are applied in two main ways:
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Soil preparations (such as horn dung) : Improve soil structure and microbial activity.
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Preparations for compost : Accelerate its maturation and enrich its composition.
These substances are often used in homeopathic doses, which fuels debates about their actual effectiveness.
Lunar cycles
Biodynamics places great importance on the lunar calendar and the positions of the planets. For example, "fruit" days are recommended for harvesting, while "root" days are better suited to pruning vines.
Holism and biodiversity
Biodynamic winemakers strive to encourage biodiversity, whether by planting intercrops such as legumes or using animals to enrich the soil. The relationship between humans and nature takes on an almost spiritual dimension here.
Reduce chemical inputs
Unlike conventional agriculture, biodynamics prohibits the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, and also limits the use of copper and sulfur, which are often criticized for their environmental impacts.
4) Biodynamic certifications in France
In France, two main organizations issue biodynamic certifications: Demeter and Biodyvin. These labels guarantee that wineries adhere to strict specifications, covering not only the cultivation of vines but also precise winemaking practices. These specifications include farming methods based on lunar cycles and the use of specific preparations to enhance the vitality of soils and plants.
However, it's important to note that to obtain these biodynamic certifications, wineries must first meet organic farming standards. This means no chemical pesticides or synthetic fertilizers can be used. Thus, a biodynamic wine is still an organic wine, but with an even more advanced approach to respecting natural ecosystems and biodiversity. These certifications guarantee sustainable practices and exceptional quality, attracting more and more environmentally conscious consumers.
5) Focus on emblematic biodynamic estates in France
Many prestigious French estates adopt and promote the principles of biodynamics:
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La Romanée-Conti (Burgundy) : Renowned for its exceptional wines, this estate has been fully biodynamic since 2007.
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Maison Chapoutier (Rhône Valley) : A pioneer in the region, it uses these practices to enhance renowned appellations such as Hermitage and Châteauneuf-du-Pape.
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Domaine Zind-Humbrecht (Alsace) : A founding member of the Biodyvin label, it produces white wines renowned for their purity and minerality.
And in Savoie?
More than a dozen wineries have adopted biodynamic farming in Savoie. As for us, the Denis and Didier Berthollier vineyard, we have been committed to this practice for several years. We pay particular attention to the production of biodynamic composts, composed of cattle and sheep manure removed from neighboring farms, and “dynamized” with basic biodynamic preparations. Some other wineries using biodynamics in Savoie
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Giachino brothers estate
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Corenthin Houillon
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Julien Cartier
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Camille and Mathieu Apfel
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Noah Quenard
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The Gerbelle…
The environmental and economic impact
6) A model that respects the planet
Biodynamics plays a vital role in environmental preservation. It helps revitalize soils by promoting biological activity and enriching organic matter. Soils cultivated according to these principles often demonstrate greater resilience to climatic hazards such as droughts or heavy rainfall, ensuring more stable long-term productivity.
Economic benefits
Biodynamic wines, often perceived as high-end products, benefit from a premium image in international markets, allowing them to command higher prices. This perception is particularly pronounced in countries like the United States and Japan, where consumers seek high-value, environmentally friendly products. Furthermore, biodynamic wineries often attract wine lovers and tourists eager to discover authentic and innovative production methods, opening the door to additional opportunities for the development of wine tourism. This additional income allows producers to invest more in their farms, thus strengthening the sustainability of their business model.
Strengthening social ties
On a social level, biodynamics goes far beyond simple agricultural practices. It promotes a profoundly humane agricultural model, based on respect for living things and a true reconnection with nature. This model values ​​manual labor and traditional know-how, while encouraging a close relationship between producer and consumer. For consumers, purchasing biodynamic wines often means participating in an ethical and responsible approach, while benefiting from a more authentic and emotional experience. Biodynamic wineries also become key players within their local communities, promoting short supply chains and encouraging agricultural practices that benefit everyone. In short, biodynamics bridges the gap between environmental, economic, and human issues, creating a lasting harmony between humans and nature.
7) What future for biodynamic viticulture?
As concerns about climate change and sustainability intensify, biodynamics is emerging as a winemaking practice perfectly aligned with these contemporary challenges. Rooted in principles that value natural cycles, biodiversity, and soil balance, this approach goes beyond the requirements of organic viticulture by incorporating holistic methods and specific preparations designed to regenerate and revitalize vineyards. Yet, its adoption remains hampered by certain obstacles. The substantial costs associated with biodynamic techniques deter many winegrowers, particularly in a context where profitability remains an imperative. At the same time, persistent skepticism among some experts and consumers is slowing its widespread adoption. However, initiatives such as specialized training, awareness campaigns among industry professionals, and clearer communication of the method's benefits could pave the way for its gradual democratization.
Moreover, evolving consumer expectations, increasingly drawn to authentic and environmentally friendly products, are converging with the fundamental principles of biodynamic viticulture. This movement could thus meet growing demand while offering a new perspective on how wines are produced. The coming decades could see biodynamics occupy a central place in the transformation of winemaking practices worldwide, merging tradition, innovation, and respect for nature to redefine the future of wine.
8) A commitment to biodiversity and the pleasure of the senses
Choosing a biodynamic wine isn't just about choosing an authentic and delicious product; it's also about encouraging a responsible approach, in harmony with the planet and its inhabitants. So the next time you enjoy a glass of Romanée-Conti or Coulée de Serrant, take a moment to appreciate not only the wine, but also the philosophy that led to its creation.